Among the core components of humanoid robots, joint modules (including reducers, motors, etc.) account for the highest cost, approximately 50%, making them the key determinant of the overall cost. Disassembly analysis of different mechanisms shows that the cost distribution of core components varies, but is generally concentrated in the transmission, drive, and sensing systems.
Analysis of Cost Breakdown of Major Components
Joint Modules / Reducers: Approximately 35%-50%
Joints are the core of a humanoid robot's movement. A typical robot has 30-42 joints, each containing a reducer, motor, encoder, and driver.
Harmonic reducers and RV reducers are the mainstream types, used to reduce speed and increase torque. Chinese companies have achieved technological breakthroughs and broken the foreign monopoly.
Quanzhibo's "high-burst integrated joint" production line has achieved a joint production time of 90 seconds, reducing costs to the hundreds of yuan level, with micro-joints with drivers reduced to three to four hundred yuan.
Servo System (Motor + Driver + Encoder): Approximately 20%
Includes frameless torque motors (for large joints), coreless motors (for dexterous hands), etc.
In the Tesla Optimus, the frameless torque motor alone has a unit value of approximately 42,000 RMB, accounting for 21% of the total cost.
Lead Screws (Planetary Roller Screws): Approximately 14%
Used in linear actuators, concentrated in high-load areas such as legs and waist.
A single Gen3 unit is expected to have more than 34 planetary roller screws, with a unit value of approximately 8,000-10,000 RMB.
Domestic manufacturers such as Wuzhou Xinchun have entered Tesla's supply chain, promoting domestic substitution.
Controller: Approximately 15%
Equivalent to the robot's "brain," responsible for motion control and command scheduling.
Uses high-performance chips (such as Rockchip RK3588, NVIDIA Orin) for real-time calculations.
Sensors: Approximately 10%-15%
Including vision sensors (depth cameras, LiDAR), force sensors (six-dimensional torque sensors), IMUs, etc.
The Tesla Optimus Gen2 uses a variety of force sensors to achieve precise operation.
